Unveiling complete lactate oxidation through a hybrid catalytic cascade

• The bifunctional architecture system showed excellent electrocatalytic performance. hybrid allows the complete lactate oxidation. bi-catalytic electrode enable collection of up to 12 electrons from lactate. TEMPO first oxidizes pyruvate, which is cleaved by OxDc into CO 2 . Although challenging, generation energy through harvesting biological fluids via fuel cells a promising technology for wearable electronics. However, current challenge that neither single molecular catalyst or an enzyme can completely oxidize fuels in fluids. With this issue mind, herein, we report allowing oxidation combining organic catalyst, 4-amino-TEMPO (Amino-TEMPO), with recombinant enzyme, oxalate decarboxylase (OxDc). This was chosen due high oxidative catalytic activity and promiscuity alternative substrates. enhanced performance bioanode, enabling higher efficiency improved stability energy-harvesting cell. activity, achieving stable density 23.0 ± 1.5 mA cm ?2 after 48 h bulk electrolysis. Intermediate product analysis nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gas chromatography (GC) coupled thermal conductivity detector (TCD) confirmed acts multiples catabolic steps oxidation, collecting molecule.